NewYork-Presbyterian. The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell.

Grading and Staging of Cancer

What is grading of cancer?

After the determination is made as to the type of cancer, the cancer is graded - a measurement of how aggressive the tumor is. Most cancer cells are graded by how much they look like normal cells. Grading is done in the lab using cancerous cells taken during biopsy.

The most commonly used grading system is called the Gleason System. It is based on a number range from 2 to 10. The lower the number, the lower the grade.

• Grades under 4 mean that the cancer cells look similar to your normal cells and the cancer is likely to be less aggressive.

• Grades in the 5 to 7 range are intermediate, which means that the cancer cells do not look like normal cells and are more likely to be aggressive and grow faster.

• Grades of 8 to 10 indicate that the cancer cells are more likely to be very aggressive in growth.

What is staging of cancer?

Once cancer is diagnosed, more tests will be done to find out if the cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. This testing is called staging. To plan treatment, a physician needs to know the stage of the disease. Stage refers to the extent, or the size, of the cancer. Each cancer, by organ, has its own staging system.

Stages of cancer:

• Stage 0 or carcinoma in situ
  Carcinoma in situ is very early cancer. The abnormal cells are found only in the first layer of cells of the primary site and do not invade the deeper tissues.
• Stage I
  Cancer involves the primary site, but has not spread to nearby tissues.
  
  
  • stage IA: a very small amount of cancer - visible under a microscope - is found deeper in the tissues.
  • stage IB: a larger amount of cancer is found in the tissues.
• Stage II Cancer has spread to nearby areas but is still inside the primary site.
  
  
  • stage IIA: cancer has spread beyond the primary site.
  • stage IIB: cancer has spread to other tissue around the primary site.
• Stage III Cancer has spread throughout the nearby area.
• Stage IV Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
  
  
  • stage IVA: cancer has spread to organs close to the pelvic area
  • stage IVB: cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs
• Recurrent Recurrent disease means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated.

Once a stage is assigned and treatment given, the stage is never changed. For example:

If a stage I cancer of the cervix is treated, and two years later a metastasis is found in the lung, it is not now stage IV, but remains a "stage I, with recurrence to the lung."

The important thing about staging is that it determines the appropriate treatment, provides a prognosis, and allows for comparison of treatment results between different treatments.